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第 21.3 节 Linux 兼容层——基于 Ubuntu/Debian

Ubuntu 兼容层

以下教程仅在 FreeBSD 13.1-release 测试通过。构建的是 Ubuntu 22.04 LTS（18.04\20.04 亦可）。兼容层使用技术实际上是 Linux jail，并非 chroot。
类似的方法可以构建 Debian 兼容层。
更多其他系统请看/usr/local/share/debootstrap/scripts/

开始构建

# sysrc linux_enable="YES"
# sysrc kld_list+="linux linux64"
# kldload linux64
# service linux start
# sysrc dbus_enable="YES" #一般桌面已经配置
# service dbus start #一般桌面已经配置
# pkg install debootstrap
# debootstrap jammy /compat/ubuntu http://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/

挂载文件系统

将 nullfs_load="YES" 写入 /boot/loader.conf。
将以下行写入 /etc/fstab：
# Device Mountpoint FStype Options Dump Pass#
devfs /compat/ubuntu/dev devfs rw,late 0 0
tmpfs /compat/ubuntu/dev/shm tmpfs rw,late,size=1g,mode=1777 0 0
fdescfs /compat/ubuntu/dev/fd fdescfs rw,late,linrdlnk 0 0
linprocfs /compat/ubuntu/proc linprocfs rw,late 0 0
linsysfs /compat/ubuntu/sys linsysfs rw,late 0 0
/tmp /compat/ubuntu/tmp nullfs rw,late 0 0
#/home /compat/ubuntu/home nullfs rw,late 0 0
检查挂载有无报错：
# mount -al
如果提示没有 home 文件夹，请新建之:
# mkdir /compat/ubuntu/home
重启：
# reboot

进入 Ubuntu 兼容层

首先 chroot 进去 Ubuntu，移除会报错的软件：
# chroot /compat/ubuntu /bin/bash
# apt remove rsyslog # 此时已经位于 Ubuntu 兼容层了。

换源

在卸载 rsyslog 之后，换源，由于 SSL 证书没有更新，所以还不能用 https 源：
# ee /compat/ubuntu/etc/apt/sources.list #此时处于 FreeBSD 系统！因为 Ubuntu 兼容层还没有文本编辑器。
写入：
deb http://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ jammy main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ jammy main restricted universe multiverse
deb http://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ jammy-security main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ jammy-security main restricted universe multiverse
deb http://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ jammy-updates main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ jammy-updates main restricted universe multiverse
deb http://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ jammy-backports main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ jammy-backports main restricted universe multiverse
进入 Ubuntu 兼容层，开始更新系统，安装常用软件：
# LANG=C #设定字符集，防止错误
# apt update && apt upgrade && apt install nano wget fonts-wqy-microhei fonts-wqy-zenhei language-pack-zh-hans # 此时已经位于 Ubuntu 兼容层了。

Shell 脚本

为方便读者，有如下脚本：
# fetch http://book.bsdcn.org/ubuntu.sh
# sh ubuntu.sh
脚本内容如下：
#/bin/sh
​
rootdir=/compat/ubuntu
baseurl="https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/"
codename=jammy
​
echo "begin to install ubuntu ..."
echo "check modules ..."
​
# check linux module
if [ "$(sysrc -n linux_enable)" = "NO" ]; then
echo "linux module should be loaded. Continue?(N|y)"
read answer
case $answer in
[Nn][Oo]|[Nn])
echo "linux module not loaded"
exit 1
;;
*)
sysrc linux_enable=YES
;;
esac
fi
echo "start linux"
service linux start
​
# check dbus
if ! /usr/bin/which -s dbus-daemon;then
echo "dbus-daemon not found. install it [N|y]"
read answer
case $answer in
[Nn][Oo]|[Nn])
echo "dbus not installed"
exit 2
;;
*)
pkg install -y dbus
;;
esac
fi
​
if [ "$(sysrc -n dbus_enable)" != "YES" ]; then
echo "dbus should be enable. Continue?(N|y)"
read answer
case $answer in
[Nn][Oo]|[Nn])
echo "dbus not running"
exit 2
;;
*)
sysrc dbus_enable=YES
;;
esac
fi
echo "start dbus"
service dbus start
​
if ! /usr/bin/which -s debootstrap; then
echo "debootstrap not found. install it? (N|y)"
read answer
case $answer in
[Nn][Oo]|[Nn])
echo "debootstap not installed"
exit 3
;;
*)
pkg install -y debootstrap
;;
esac
fi
echo "now we will bootstrap ${codename}.press any key."
read answer
​
debootstrap ${codename} ${rootdir} ${baseurl}
​
if [ ! "$(sysrc -f /boot/loader.conf -qn nullfs_load)" = "YES" ]; then
echo "nullfs_load should load. continue? (N|y)"
read answer
case $answer in
[Nn][Oo]|[Nn])
echo "nullfs not load"
exit 4
;;
*)
sysrc -f /boot/loader.conf nullfs_load=yes
;;
esac
fi
​
if ! kldstat -n nullfs >/dev/null 2>&1;then
echo "load nullfs module"
kldload -v nullfs
fi
​
echo "mount some fs for linux"
echo "devfs ${rootdir}/dev devfs rw,late 0 0" >> /etc/fstab
echo "tmpfs ${rootdir}/dev/shm tmpfs rw,late,size=1g,mode=1777 0 0" >> /etc/fstab
echo "fdescfs ${rootdir}/dev/fd fdescfs rw,late,linrdlnk 0 0" >> /etc/fstab
echo "linprocfs ${rootdir}/proc linprocfs rw,late 0 0" >> /etc/fstab
echo "linsysfs ${rootdir}/sys linsysfs rw,late 0 0" >> /etc/fstab
echo "/tmp ${rootdir}/tmp nullfs rw,late 0 0" >> /etc/fstab
echo "/home ${rootdir}/home nullfs rw,late 0 0" >> /etc/fstab
mount -al
​
echo "add ustc apt sources"
echo "deb http://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ jammy main restricted universe multiverse" > /compat/ubuntu/etc/apt/sources.list
echo "deb-src http://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ jammy main restricted universe multiverse" >> /compat/ubuntu/etc/apt/sources.list
echo "deb http://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ jammy-security main restricted universe multiverse" >> /compat/ubuntu/etc/apt/sources.list
echo "deb-src http://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ jammy-security main restricted universe multiverse" >> /compat/ubuntu/etc/apt/sources.list
echo "deb http://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ jammy-updates main restricted universe multiverse" >> /compat/ubuntu/etc/apt/sources.list
echo "deb-src http://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ jammy-updates main restricted universe multiverse" >> /compat/ubuntu/etc/apt/sources.list
echo "deb http://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ jammy-backports main restricted universe multiverse" >> /compat/ubuntu/etc/apt/sources.list
echo "deb-src http://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ jammy-backports main restricted universe multiverse" >> /compat/ubuntu/etc/apt/sources.list
​
echo "remove rsyslog and install nano fonts-wqy-microhei fonts-wqy-zenhei language-pack-zh-hans and wget"
chroot ${rootdir} /bin/bash -c "apt remove rsyslog && apt update && apt upgrade && apt install nano wget fonts-wqy-microhei fonts-wqy-zenhei language-pack-zh-hans"
echo "Now you can run '#chroot /compat/ubuntu/ /bin/bash' Into Ubuntu"

Debian 12（bookworm）仅限 FreeBSD 13.2 及以下版本

为方便读者，有如下脚本：
# fetch http://book.bsdcn.org/debian.sh
# sh debian.sh
脚本内容如下：
#/bin/sh
​
rootdir=/compat/debian
baseurl="https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/debian/"
codename=bookworm
​
echo "begin to install Debian 12 AKA bookworm ..."
echo "check modules ..."
​
# check linux module
if [ "$(sysrc -n linux_enable)" = "NO" ]; then
echo "linux module should be loaded. Continue?(N|y)"
read answer
case $answer in
[Nn][Oo]|[Nn])
echo "linux module not loaded"
exit 1
;;
*)
sysrc linux_enable=YES
;;
esac
fi
echo "start linux"
service linux start
​
# check dbus
if ! /usr/bin/which -s dbus-daemon;then
echo "dbus-daemon not found. install it [N|y]"
read answer
case $answer in
[Nn][Oo]|[Nn])
echo "dbus not installed"
exit 2
;;
*)
pkg install -y dbus
;;
esac
fi
​
if [ "$(sysrc -n dbus_enable)" != "YES" ]; then
echo "dbus should be enable. Continue?(N|y)"
read answer
case $answer in
[Nn][Oo]|[Nn])
echo "dbus not running"
exit 2
;;
*)
sysrc dbus_enable=YES
;;
esac
fi
echo "start dbus"
service dbus start
​
if ! /usr/bin/which -s debootstrap; then
echo "debootstrap not found. install it? (N|y)"
read answer
case $answer in
[Nn][Oo]|[Nn])
echo "debootstap not installed"
exit 3
;;
*)
pkg install -y debootstrap
;;
esac
fi
echo "now we will bootstrap ${codename}.press any key."
read answer
​
debootstrap ${codename} ${rootdir} ${baseurl}
​
if [ ! "$(sysrc -f /boot/loader.conf -qn nullfs_load)" = "YES" ]; then
echo "nullfs_load should load. continue? (N|y)"
read answer
case $answer in
[Nn][Oo]|[Nn])
echo "nullfs not load"
exit 4
;;
*)
sysrc -f /boot/loader.conf nullfs_load=yes
;;
esac
fi
​
if ! kldstat -n nullfs >/dev/null 2>&1;then
echo "load nullfs module"
kldload -v nullfs
fi
​
echo "mount some fs for linux"
echo "devfs ${rootdir}/dev devfs rw,late 0 0" >> /etc/fstab
echo "tmpfs ${rootdir}/dev/shm tmpfs rw,late,size=1g,mode=1777 0 0" >> /etc/fstab
echo "fdescfs ${rootdir}/dev/fd fdescfs rw,late,linrdlnk 0 0" >> /etc/fstab
echo "linprocfs ${rootdir}/proc linprocfs rw,late 0 0" >> /etc/fstab
echo "linsysfs ${rootdir}/sys linsysfs rw,late 0 0" >> /etc/fstab
echo "/tmp ${rootdir}/tmp nullfs rw,late 0 0" >> /etc/fstab
#echo "/home ${rootdir}/home nullfs rw,late 0 0" >> /etc/fstab
mount -al
​
echo "NOW I will should change 'compat.linux.osrelease'. continue? (Y|n)"
read answer
case $answer in
[Nn][Oo]|[Nn])
echo "close to success"
exit 4
;;
[Yy][Ee][Ss]|[Yy]|"")
echo "compat.linux.osrelease=6.2.10" >> /etc/sysctl.conf
sysctl compat.linux.osrelease=6.2.10
;;
esac
​
echo "add ustc apt sources"
echo "deb http://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/debian stable main contrib non-free non-free-firmware" > /compat/debian/etc/apt/sources.list
echo "# deb-src http://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/debian stable main contrib non-free non-free-firmware" >> /compat/debian/etc/apt/sources.list
echo "deb http://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/debian stable-updates main contrib non-free non-free-firmware" >> /compat/debian/etc/apt/sources.list
echo "# deb-src http://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/debian stable-updates main contrib non-free non-free-firmware" >> /compat/debian/etc/apt/sources.list
echo "# deb http://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/debian stable-proposed-updates main contrib non-free non-free-firmware" >> /compat/debian/etc/apt/sources.list
echo "# deb-src http://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/debian stable-proposed-updates main contrib non-free non-free-firmware" >> /compat/debian/etc/apt/sources.list
echo "deb http://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/debian-security/ stable-security main non-free contrib" >> /compat/debian/etc/apt/sources.list
echo "# deb-src http://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/debian-security/ stable-security main non-free contrib" >> /compat/debian/etc/apt/sources.list
echo "Acquire::http::Pipeline-Depth \"0\";" > /compat/debian/etc/apt/apt.conf.d/99nopipelining
echo 'APT::Cache-Start "100000000";' | tee /compat/debian/etc/apt/apt.conf.d/70debcoebconf
​
​
echo "install nano fonts-wqy-microhei fonts-wqy-zenhei and wget"
chroot ${rootdir} /bin/bash -c " apt update && apt --fix-broken install -y && apt upgrade && apt install nano wget fonts-wqy-microhei fonts-wqy-zenhei -y"
echo "Now you can run '#chroot /compat/debian/ /bin/bash' Into debian"

安装 Windows 11 字体【可选。自制包，打包同时兼容与低版本 Ubuntu】

# apt install git
# git clone https://github.com/ykla/ttf-mswin11-zh-deb
# cd ttf-mswin11-zh-deb
# dpkg -i ttf-ms-win11-*.deb

运行 X11 软件

# xhost +local：#此时处于 FreeBSD 系统！

不知道程序的命令行启动命令是什么？

请按以下方法依次查找(以 gedit 为例)：
  • 直接执行软件包名 # gedit；
  • whereis 软件包名，定位后执行。whereis gedit；
  • 通过软件图标定位，找到路径 /usr/share/applications,根据软件包名找到软件，用文本编辑器（如 ee、nano）打开。（软件图标本质上是一个文本文件，不是软连接或者图片），找到程序运行的命令复制到终端运行即可；
  • 通过 find 命令全局查找 # find / —name 软件包名——# find / —name gedit。
如何查找软件？
#apt search --names-only XXX
把 XXX 换成想要搜索的软件名即可。

缺失 .so 文件

  • 首先看看缺失哪些 .so 文件，一般不会只缺失一个。
root@ykla:/# ldd /usr/bin/qq
linux_vdso.so.1 (0x00007ffffffff000)
libffmpeg.so => not found
libdl.so.2 => /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libdl.so.2 (0x0000000801061000)
libpthread.so.0 => /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libpthread.so.0 (0x0000000801066000)
…………………………以下省略……………………………………
可以看到 libffmpeg.so => not found，缺“libffmpeg.so”。
  • 安装工具
# apt install apt-file
# apt-file update
  • 查看 libffmpeg.so 属于哪个包：
root@ykla:/# apt-file search libffmpeg.so
qmmp: /usr/lib/qmmp/plugins/Input/libffmpeg.so
webcamoid-plugins: /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/avkys/submodules/MultiSink/libffmpeg.so
webcamoid-plugins: /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/avkys/submodules/MultiSrc/libffmpeg.so
webcamoid-plugins: /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/avkys/submodules/VideoCapture/libffmpeg.so
root@ykla:/#
可以看到多个包都提供了这个 so 文件，随便安装一个：
# apt install webcamoid-plugins
  • 按照上述路径复制文件，并刷新 ldd 缓存：
# cp /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/avkys/submodules/MultiSink/libffmpeg.so /usr/lib #复制到系统的 lib 中
# ldconfig
  • 查看：
root@ykla:/# ldd /usr/bin/qq
linux_vdso.so.1 (0x00007ffffffff000)
libffmpeg.so => /lib/libffmpeg.so (0x0000000801063000)
…………………………以下省略……………………………………
Systemd 不可用，但可以用server xxx start。
导入过 https://github.com/zq1997/deepin-wine 源以安装 deepin-qq，deepin-wechat 等软件，但都提示段错误。所有 Wine 程序都无法正常运行。如果你能解决这个问题，请提出 issue 或者 pull。
第 21 章 Linux 兼容层 - 以前
第 21.2 节 Linux 兼容层——基于 CentOS（原生）
下一个 - 第 21 章 Linux 兼容层
第 21.4 节 Linux 兼容层——基于 ArchLinux bootstrap
最近更新 2mo ago
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