# 3.5 基于 Apple M1 和 UTM 安装 FreeBSD

## 概述

UTM 是基于 QEMU 的开源虚拟机软件，面向 Apple 设备，支持 ARM 与 x86 架构。在 M1（aarch64）设备上建议使用 aarch64 版 UTM 以获得最佳性能，本节给出安装 FreeBSD 的完整步骤。

UTM 官方网站为 <https://getutm.app>。

UTM（逆构词为 Universal Turing Machine）是开源、基于 QEMU、面向 Apple 设备的虚拟机软件，支持 ARM 和 x86 架构虚拟机。建议下载 aarch64（arm64）架构版本。除非有特殊需求，不建议使用 amd64（x86-64）版本。运行相同架构的虚拟机可获得更高性能和更流畅的系统体验（M1 为 aarch64 架构）。

因需向 Apple 缴纳年费以获取开发者资格，开发成本较高，故 UTM 在 App Store 中为收费软件。可在 [GitHub 项目，utmapp/UTM](https://github.com/utmapp/UTM/releases) 中免费获取 UTM。

## 安装说明

首先下载 FreeBSD 的安装镜像。

出于性能考虑，此处以 aarch64 镜像为例。

![下载安装镜像](/files/Fl0N2lk3eVID1yYKURtj)

接下来新建一个虚拟机，点击窗口上的加号 `+`。

![新建虚拟机](/files/HTYI7khTVFGxMNCZbyOq)

如果下载的是 aarch64 的镜像，选择“虚拟化”；如果是 amd64 的镜像，选择“模拟”。

![选择虚拟化类型](/files/eEhEDTkXRtLAgzGBVjj9)

操作系统选择“其他”。

![选择操作系统](/files/Q5l23EslaNWyYqTToJhs)

默认 4 GB 内存能适应大多数情况，初始状态 FreeBSD 15 约占用 500 MB 内存，可根据实际需求调整内存大小。CPU 核心按需设置，M1 芯片可以设置为 4。

![设置内存和处理器核心数量](/files/gy0YJFkhlJVSplJJCTKy)

启动设备选择 CD/DVD 映像，选择“浏览”按钮以选定已下载的安装镜像。

![设置启动设备](/files/H32oyVNdLCD0GnShCQl5)

存储空间默认 64 GB，初始状态的 FreeBSD 会占用约 5 GB 空间，可根据需求调整。

![设置存储空间](/files/Az55XfLZEaambTGvQUap)

共享目录可以暂时跳过。

![跳过共享目录](/files/OhoqSSf3RfywFJZshoFK)

以上步骤设置完成后，点击“存储”。如需进一步设置，可以勾选“打开虚拟机设置”，或者在保存后点击右上角的设置按钮打开配置界面。

![完成设置](/files/e7VT88ywIiYXfPk7zViS)

点击播放按钮启动虚拟机。

![启动虚拟机](/files/5ZwPzjNPjm6yChBs58ve)

![虚拟机启动界面](/files/nt67ORXd801spDMfLuSG)

启动 FreeBSD 安装镜像，按回车键可以跳过启动菜单等待时间。

![系统引导界面](/files/paiKvpBhztu0oJpGMyto)

进入安装程序，鼠标默认可用。按下 Control + Option 快捷键可捕获鼠标光标，再次按下此快捷键可释放鼠标。

![安装程序界面](/files/fVO2btGJ2kqAOqUDm4oq)

基本系统安装完成，终端能正常运行。在虚拟机内执行 `ifconfig` 命令查看 IP 地址后，便可在宿主机的终端仿真器中发起 SSH 连接。

![终端](/files/0dWrhCd5fuJINUZexHWb)

![SSH](/files/BpH9k1UuzSnJheEOkR6q)

## 故障排除与未竟事宜

### Xorg 不可用

直接启动 Xorg 默认的窗口管理器 TWM 会报错，输出内容如下：

```sh
voosk@BSDVM:~ $ startx
xauth:  file /home/voosk/.serverauth.3074 does not exist


X.Org X Server 1.21.1.20
X Protocol Version 11, Revision 0
Current Operating System: FreeBSD BSDVM 15.0-RELEASE FreeBSD 15.0-RELEASE releng/15.0-n280995-7aedc8de6446 GENERIC arm64

Current version of pixman: 0.46.2
	Before reporting problems, check http://wiki.x.org
	to make sure that you have the latest version.
Markers: (--) probed, (**) from config file, (==) default setting,
	(++) from command line, (!!) notice, (II) informational,
	(WW) warning, (EE) error, (NI) not implemented, (??) unknown.
(==) Log file: "/var/log/Xorg.0.log", Time: Fri Feb 27 10:59:53 2026
(==) Using system config directory "/usr/local/share/X11/xorg.conf.d"
scfb trace: probe start
scfb trace: probe done
scfb: PreInit 0
scfb: PreInit done
scfb: ScfbScreenInit 0
	bitsPerPixel=32, depth=24, defaultVisual=TrueColor
	mask: ff0000,ff00,ff, offset: 16,8,0
mmap returns: addr 0x0 len 0x3e8000, fd 12, off 0
(EE)
Fatal server error:
(EE) AddScreen/ScreenInit failed for driver 0
(EE)
(EE)
Please consult the The X.Org Foundation support
	 at http://wiki.x.org
 for help.
(EE) Please also check the log file at "/var/log/Xorg.0.log" for additional information.
(EE)
(EE) Server terminated with error (1). Closing log file.
xinit: giving up
xinit: unable to connect to X server: Connection refused
xinit: server error
voosk@BSDVM:~ $
```

在 **/boot/loader.conf** 文件中加入下面两行可启动 TWM，但虚拟机将失去画面输出（SSH 仍可连接，说明这仅为显示问题）。

```sh
hint.virtio_gpu.0.disabled="1"
hint.vtgpu.0.disabled="1"
```

重启后 startx 能够正常启动 TWM，输出如下：

```sh
voosk@BSDVM:~ $ startx
xauth:  file /home/voosk/.serverauth.3072 does not exist


X.Org X Server 1.21.1.20
X Protocol Version 11, Revision 0
Current Operating System: FreeBSD BSDVM 15.0-RELEASE FreeBSD 15.0-RELEASE releng/15.0-n280995-7aedc8de6446 GENERIC arm64

Current version of pixman: 0.46.2
	Before reporting problems, check http://wiki.x.org
	to make sure that you have the latest version.
Markers: (--) probed, (**) from config file, (==) default setting,
	(++) from command line, (!!) notice, (II) informational,
	(WW) warning, (EE) error, (NI) not implemented, (??) unknown.
(==) Log file: "/var/log/Xorg.0.log", Time: Fri Feb 27 11:16:38 2026
(==) Using system config directory "/usr/local/share/X11/xorg.conf.d"
scfb trace: probe start
scfb trace: probe done
scfb: PreInit 0
scfb: PreInit done
scfb: ScfbScreenInit 0
	bitsPerPixel=32, depth=24, defaultVisual=TrueColor
	mask: ff0000,ff00,ff, offset: 16,8,0
mmap returns: addr 0xe4d20000 len 0x1d5000, fd 12, off 0
scfb: ScfbSave 0
scfb: ScfbSave done
scfb: ScfbScreenInit done
scfb: SaveScreen 0
scfb: SaveScreen done
twm: created fontset with 10 fonts (7 missing) for "-adobe-helvetica-bold-r-normal--*-120-*-*-*-*-*-*"
twm: created fontset with 10 fonts (7 missing) for "-adobe-helvetica-bold-r-normal--*-120-*-*-*-*-*-*"
twm: created fontset with 10 fonts (7 missing) for "-adobe-helvetica-bold-r-normal--*-100-*-*-*-*-*-*"
twm: created fontset with 10 fonts (7 missing) for "-adobe-helvetica-bold-r-normal--*-120-*-*-*-*-*-*"
twm: created fontset with 10 fonts (7 missing) for "-adobe-helvetica-bold-r-normal--*-100-*-*-*"
twm: created fontset with 2 fonts (15 missing) for "fixed"
```

虚拟机无画面输出，显示 Display output is not active.

![虚拟机看不到画面](/files/BL9WNEchPErYRgD5O3nk)

## 参考文献

* utmapp. UTM — Virtual machines for macOS\[EB/OL]. \[2026-04-17]. <https://github.com/utmapp/UTM>. UTM 项目主页。


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