> For the complete documentation index, see [llms.txt](https://book.bsdcn.org/llms.txt). Markdown versions of documentation pages are available by appending `.md` to page URLs; this page is available as [Markdown](https://book.bsdcn.org/di-10-zhang-xian-ka-qu-dong/di-10.2-jie-intel-xian-ka-qu-dong.md).

# 10.2 Intel 显卡驱动

本节涵盖 Intel 核芯显卡（i915 DRM 模块）的驱动安装与配置。请先阅读显卡驱动概论。

## 安装 Intel 核芯显卡

### FreeBSD 14.x

> **技巧**
>
> 如果要使用 pkg 安装，可参照本书其他章节配置的 kernel modules（kmods）内核模块源。

```sh
# cd /usr/ports/graphics/drm-61-kmod
# make BATCH=yes install clean
```

或使用 pkg 安装（如 Ports 安装有问题则使用此方法）：

```sh
# pkg install drm-61-kmod
```

### FreeBSD 15.0

使用 Ports 安装：

```sh
# cd /usr/ports/graphics/drm-66-kmod
# make BATCH=yes install clean
```

> **注意**
>
> 英特尔三代处理器的 HD 4000 等早期核芯显卡，在未安装 DRM 驱动时，传统 BIOS 模式下仅能以 VESA 帧缓冲（无 GPU 加速）作为后备显示，在 UEFI 模式下可能出现花屏现象。安装对应版本的 DRM 显卡驱动后方可获得正常的 GPU 硬件加速。

## 配置 Intel 核芯显卡

在 **/etc/rc.conf** 文件中添加 `i915kms` 内核模块到 `kld_list`，以便系统启动时加载：

```sh
# sysrc -f /etc/rc.conf kld_list+=i915kms
```

## 视频硬解

> **警告**
>
> 如果忽略此部分，Blender 等依赖 GPU 加速的软件可能无法正常运行或产生“段错误”。

### 安装 Intel VA-API 媒体驱动

* 使用 pkg 安装：

```sh
# pkg install libva-intel-media-driver
```

* 或使用 Ports 安装：

```sh
# cd /usr/ports/multimedia/libva-intel-media-driver/
# make install clean
```

### 安装 Mesa 的 Gallium VA-API 和 VDPAU 支持包

* 使用 pkg 安装：

```sh
# pkg install mesa-gallium-va mesa-gallium-vdpau
```

* 或使用 Ports 安装：

```sh
# cd /usr/ports/graphics/mesa-gallium-va/ && make install clean
# cd /usr/ports/graphics/mesa-gallium-vdpau/ && make install clean
```

## 附录：Intel 显卡电源管理

某些显卡的功耗可能过高，FreeBSD 可通过特定的配置来降低功耗。

如果使用 **graphics/drm-kmod** 驱动的 Intel 显卡，可将以下选项添加到 **/boot/loader.conf** 文件中：

```ini
compat.linuxkpi.i915_fastboot=1  	# ①
compat.linuxkpi.i915_enable_dc=2 	# ②
compat.linuxkpi.i915_enable_fbc=1	# ③
```

功能说明：

| 配置项                               | 值   | 说明              |
| --------------------------------- | --- | --------------- |
| `compat.linuxkpi.i915_fastboot`   | `1` | 尝试跳过启动时不必要的模式设置 |
| `compat.linuxkpi.i915_enable_dc`  | `2` | 启用省电显示 C 状态     |
| `compat.linuxkpi.i915_enable_fbc` | `1` | 启用帧缓冲压缩以节省电力    |

## 参考文献

* FreeBSD Project. Graphics\[EB/OL]. \[2026-03-25]. <https://wiki.freebsd.org/Graphics>. FreeBSD 官方维基，是图形硬件兼容性详细列表与配置指南。

## 课后习题

1. 尝试自动化 FreeBSD 上的 DRM 移植流程。
2. 尝试从 OpenBSD 重新移植 DRM 实现。


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